1 Summary of the balance years 2021/22, 2022/23 and 2023/24
Mass balance values for the observation periods will be reported from more than 130 glaciers worldwide. The mass balance statistics (Table 1) are calculated based on all reported values and on available data from about 60 reference glaciers with continued observation series of more than 30 years. The average mass balance of the glaciers with available long-term observation series around the world continues to be very negative. The latest data continues the global trend in strong ice loss over the past few decades and brings the cumulative average thickness loss of the reference glaciers since 1980 to more than 25 m w.e. The current status of glaciers worldwide is summarized here. All so far reported mass balance values, given in Table 2, are tentative.
Table 1: Overview on mass balance data 2021/22, 2022/23 and 2023/24. Statistics are given for all reported glaciers (ALL) and for the available ‘reference’ glaciers with continuous long-term observation series (REF).
2021/22 | 2022/23 | 2023/24 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | REF | ALL | REF | ALL | REF | |
Mean annual mass balance (m w.e.) | -1.682 | -1.493 | -1.696 | -1.648 | -1.447 | -1.533 |
Minimum value (m w.e.) | -4.798 | -4.26 | -5.041 | -4.359 | -4.1 | -4.1 |
Maximum value (m w.e.) | 0.736 | 0.736 | 0.2 | -0.07 | -0.002 | -0.38 |
Standard deviation (m w.e.) | 1.306 | 1.315 | 0.967 | 0.959 | 0.788 | 0.913 |
Number of positive/reported balances | 12/166 | 6/59 | 2/157 | 0/58 | 0/95 | 0/43 |
Under the following links you find more information about the reference glaciers, the mass-balance datasets, and detailed assessments of global glacier mass changes.
2 Mass balance data
Table 2: Reported mass balance values of the observation period 2021/22, 2022/23 as well as values for 2023/24. Principal investigators are listed for submitted data of 2022/23.
Name | MB22 | MB23 | MB24 | investigator/sponsoring agency |
---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | ||||
Pir Yahk | A.A. Sajood, H. Arian (Kabul Univ.) | |||
Antarctica | ||||
Bahia del Diablo | -0.291 | -1.03 | -0.26 | S. Marinsek, C. Puigdomenech, L. Margonari (IAA-DG) |
Hurd | -0.11 | -0.56 | F. Navarro (AEI/MICINN) | |
Johnsons | 0.19 | 0.2 | F. Navarro (AEI/MICINN) | |
Argentina | ||||
Agua Negra | -1.699 | -1.37 | P. Pitte, H. Gargantini (IANIGLA-CONICET) | |
Alerce | -2.91 | -1.9 | P. Pitte, L. Zalazar (IANIGLA-CONICET) | |
Azufre | -4.798 | -4.75 | P. Pitte, L. Zalazar (IANIGLA-CONICET) | |
Brown Superior | -2.026 | -1.403 | G. Cabrera (IANIGLA-CONICET) | |
Conconta Norte | -1.834 | -1.097 | G. Cabrera (IANIGLA-CONICET) | |
De Los Tres | -2.41 | -1.415 | P. Pitte, L. Ferri Hidalgo (IANIGLA-CONICET) | |
Los Amarillos | G. Cabrera (IANIGLA-CONICET) | |||
Martial Este | -0.48 | -0.77 | R. Iturraspe (UNTDF), S. Camargo (GTF), J. Strelin (IAA-UNC) | |
Austria | ||||
Goldbergkees | -2.8 | -1.942 | B. Hynek, A. Neureiter (Geosphere Austria) | |
Halstaetter Gletscher | -2.602 | -1.797 | K. Helfricht, K. Reingruber (EnergieAG/Land OÖ) | |
Hintereisferner | -3.319 | -2.189 | -1.109 | R. Prinz (ACINN) |
Jamtalferner | -3.63 | -2.212 | A. Fischer, L. Hartl (HD/LT) | |
Kesselwandferner | -2.8 | -1.472 | -0.984 | R. Prinz (ACINN) |
Kleinfleisskees | -2.7 | -1.777 | B. Hynek, A. Neureiter (Geosphere Austria) | |
Pasterze | -2.128 | -1.65 | A. Neureiter (Geosphere Austria) | |
Seekarlesferner | -3.289 | -1.447 | M. Strudl | |
Stubacher Sonnblickkees | -3.417 | B. Zagel, H. Wiesenegger, H. Slupetzky (HD/LS) | ||
Venedigerkees | -2.208 | -1.323 | B. Seiser (HD/LS) | |
Vernagtferner | -3.249 | -1.983 | -1.986 | C. Mayer (GGBAS) |
Wurtenkees | -3.596 | S. Reisenhofer (Geosphere Austria) | ||
Zettalunitz/Mullwitz | -2.449 | -1.749 | M. Stocker-Waldhuber (HD/LT) | |
Bolivia | ||||
Charquini Sur | A. Soruco, A. Rabatel, J. Sicart, T. Condom, P. Ginot (UMSA, IGE, UG/IRD) | |||
Zongo | A. Soruco, A. Rabatel, J. Sicart, T. Condom, P. Ginot (UMSA, IGE, UG/IRD) | |||
Bhutan | ||||
Thana | T. Tshering, N. Wangchuk, N. Tsheten (RGoB) | |||
Canada | ||||
Athabasca | -0.27 | -0.94 | -1.17 | M. Ednie, B. Shepard (NRCan) |
Bologna | -0.866 | -1.07 | -1.1 | M. Ednie, B. Danielson (NRCan) |
Conrad | B. Pelto (CBT) | |||
Devon Ice Cap NW | -0.508 | -0.37 | D.O. Burgess (NRCan) | |
Helm | -1.002 | -4.359 | -3.13 | M. Ednie (NRCan) |
Illecillewaet | B. Pelto (Parks Canada) | |||
Kokanee | -0.8 | B. Pelto (BC-Parks) | ||
Meighen Ice Cap | -0.451 | -0.548 | D.O. Burgess (NRCan) | |
Melville South Ice Cap | -1.077 | -1.051 | D.O. Burgess (NRCan) | |
Nordic | B. Pelto (CBT) | |||
Peyto | -0.848 | -2.76 | -1.43 | M. Ednie (NRCan) |
Place | -0.87 | -3.721 | -1.96 | M. Ednie (NRCan) |
Saskatchewan | -1.51 | M. Ednie (NRCan) | ||
White | -0.472 | L. Thomson (DGP/QU) | ||
Zillmer | B. Pelto (CBT) | |||
Chile | ||||
Amarillo | G. Cabrera (IANIGLA-CONICET) | |||
Echaurren Norte | -1.161 | -1.125 | J. Huenante, D. Carrión, A. Espinoza, J. González, G. Casassa (DGA) | |
Mocho Choshuenco SE | -2.56 | -2.67 | -0.17 | M. Schaefer (UACH) |
China | ||||
Urumqi Glacier No.1 | -1.249 | -1.291 | -1.815 | H. Li, Z. Li (CAREERI/CAS) |
- East Branch | -1.315 | -1.402 | -1.844 | H. Li, Z. Li (CAREERI/CAS) |
- West Branch | -1.134 | -1.095 | -1.764 | H. Li (CAREERI/CAS) |
Colombia | ||||
Conejeras | -2.434 | -5.041 | J.L. Ceballos Lievano, Y. Nocua, A. Cruz Mendoza, S. Martinez (IDEAM) | |
El Hongo | -0.5 | -4.202 | J.L. Ceballos Lievano, Y. Nocua, A. Cruz Mendoza, S. Martinez (IDEAM) | |
Ritacuba Blanco | 0.664 | 0.964 | J.L. Ceballos Lievano, Y. Nocua, A. Cruz Mendoza, S. Martinez (IDEAM) | |
Ecuador | ||||
Antizana 15 Alpha | -0.973 | -1.035 | B.E. Cáceres Correa (INAMHI) | |
France | ||||
Argentìere | -3.63 | -1.53 | -0.6 | D. Six, B. Jourdain, O. Laarman (IGE/CNRS/EMOSSON) |
Blanc | -2.05 | E. Thibert, M. Bonnefoy (IGE/INRAE/Parc Ecrins) | ||
Gebroulaz | -2.55 | -2.06 | D. Six, B. Jourdain, O. Laarman (IGE/CNRS/Parc Vanoise) | |
Mer de Glace | -2.46 | D. Six, B. Jourdain, O. Laarman (IGE/CNRS) | ||
Ossoue | -4.06 | -4.52 | P. René (Association Moraine) | |
Saint Sorlin | -3.78 | -2.95 | -1.45 | D. Six, B. Jourdain, O. Laarman (IGE/CNRS) |
Sarennes | -4.26 | -3.79 | E. Thibert, M. Bonnefoy (INRAE) | |
Tre la Tete | -4.56 | -1.52 | -0.47 | L. Moreau (CNRS/EDYTEM) |
Greenland | ||||
Freya | -0.7 | -0.8 | B. Hynek (Geosphere Austria, GRS/UG) | |
Mittivakkat | -1.45 | -1.452 | -1.4 | S. de Villiers (Western Norway Univ of Appl Science) |
Qassinnguit Sermiat | -0.026 | -1.916 | K. Langley (GEM/ASIAQ) | |
Iceland | ||||
Bruarjökull | 0.344 | -0.713 | F. Pálsson, A. Gunnarsson (IES, NPC) | |
Dyngjujökull | 0.422 | -0.308 | F. Pálsson, A. Gunnarsson (IES, NPC) | |
Eyabakkajökull | -0.359 | -1.417 | F. Pálsson, A. Gunnarsson (IES, NPC) | |
Hofsjökull E | -0.19 | -1.21 | -0.88 | Þ. Þorsteinsson (VEDUR) |
Hofsjökull N | 0.28 | -1.07 | -0.98 | Þ. Þorsteinsson (VEDUR) |
Hofsjökull SW | 0.46 | -0.69 | -0.48 | Þ. Þorsteinsson (VEDUR) |
Köldukvislarjökull | 0.386 | -0.74 | F. Pálsson, A. Gunnarsson (IES, NPC) | |
Langjökull Ice Cap | 0.05 | -1.43 | F. Pálsson, A. Gunnarsson (IES, NPC) | |
Tungnarjökull | -1.355 | -1.529 | F. Pálsson, A. Gunnarsson (IES, NPC) | |
Vatnajökull | -1.006 | F. Pálsson, A. Gunnarsson (IES, NPC) | ||
India | ||||
Bara Shigri | P. Sharma (NCPOR) | |||
Batal | -0.56 | P. Sharma (NCPOR) | ||
Chhota Shigri | -1.67 | 0.11 | Mohd. Farooq Azam (IITI) | |
Durung Drung | -1.009 | -0.38 | Mohd. Farooq Azam (IITI) | |
Gepang Gath | -1.3 | P. Sharma (NCPOR) | ||
Hoksar | -1.53 | S.A. Ramshoo & colleagues (Kashmir University/KU) | ||
Kolahoi | -1.678 | S.A. Ramshoo & colleagues (Kashmir University/KU) | ||
Pensilungpa | M. Mehta (WIHG) | |||
Samudra Tapu | -1.6 | P. Sharma (NCPOR) | ||
Stok | A.L. Ramanathan (JNU) | |||
Sutri Dhaka | -1.32 | P. Sharma (NCPOR) | ||
Italy | ||||
Calderone | -0.308 | -0.662 | -0.276 | M. Pecci and colleagues (IMONT) |
Campo Settentrionale | -3.13 | -2.193 | -0.644 | R. Scotti, D. Colombarolli, I. Peri (SGL) |
Careser | -3.965 | -2.855 | -1.548 | L. Carturan, M. Gaddo (TeSAF/UPa, MeteoTrentino) |
Ciardoney | -4 | -2.17 | -1.05 | L. Mercalli, D. Cat Berro (SMI) |
Grand Etret | -3.662 | -2.386 | -1.201 | A. Rossotto, S. Cerise, D. Massoni, A. Peracino (PNGP/CGI) |
La Mare (southern branch) | -2.979 | -1.676 | L. Carturan (TeSAF/UPa) | |
Lupo | -4 | -3.232 | -0.002 | R. Scotti, M. Crippa, A. Libera (SGL) |
Malavalle/Übeltalferner | -3.174 | -2.303 | -1.546 | G. Franchi (UI/HA) |
Pendente/Hangender Ferner | -3.493 | -3.703 | -1.834 | G. Franchi (UI/HA) |
Ries Occ. (Vedr. di) / Rieserf. Westl. | -2.487 | -1.834 | -1.235 | R. Dinale, M. Dalpiaz (Civil Protection Agency/unibz) |
Rutor | -1.01 | U. Morra di Cella (ARPA) | ||
Suretta Meridionale | -3.564 | -2.192 | R. Scotti, P. Gallo, F. Villa (SGL) | |
Timorion | -1.814 | U. Morra di Cella (ARPA) | ||
Japan | ||||
Hamaguri Yuki | 0.04 | -1.371 | -0.198 | K. Fujita, K. Fukui (NU) |
Kazakhstan | ||||
Ts. Tuyuksuyskiy | -1.13 | -0.488 | -0.761 | N.E. Kasatkin (IGNANKaz) |
Kyrgyzstan | ||||
Abramov | -0.762 | -0.539 | S. Belekov, E. Mattea, M. Barandun, E. Azisov, R. Kenzhebaev (DGUF, KyrgyzHydromet, CAIAG) | |
Batysh Sook/ Syek Zapadnyi | -0.941 | -1.192 | -1.491 | R. Kenzhebaev, M. Barandun, E. Mattea, R. Usubaliev, M. Hoelzle, E. Azisov, T. Saks (CAIAG, DGUF) |
Bordu | -1.27 | -1.11 | -1.22 | V. Popovnin, R. Satylkanov, B. Ermenbayev, D. Sayakpayev, (MSU, TshMRC) |
Glacier No. 354 (Akshiirak) | -0.753 | -1.348 | -2.138 | R. Kenzhebaev, M. Barandun, E. Mattea, R. Usubaliev, M. Hoelzle, E. Azisov, T. Saks (CAIAG, DGUF) |
Glacier No. 599 (Kjungei Ala-Too) | -1.458 | -0.868 | E. Azisov, R. Usubaliev, R. Kenzhebaev, M. Esenaman uulu (CAIAG) | |
Golubin | -1.05 | -1.412 | E. Azisov,R. Kenzhebaev, M. Esenamanov, R. Usubaliev, M. Barandun, T. Saks, M. Hoelzle (CAIAG, DGUF) | |
Karabatkak | -0.81 | -0.93 | -0.81 | V. Popovnin, R. Satylkanov, B. Ermenbayev, D. Sayakpayev, (MSU, TshMRC) |
Sary-Tor | -1.27 | -1.51 | -1.09 | V. Popovnin, R. Satylkanov, B. Ermenbayev, D. Sayakpayev, (MSU, TshMRC) |
Turgen-Aksuu | -1.055 | -0.855 | S. Belekov, A. Ajikeev, T. Musaev (KyrgyzHydromet) | |
Nepal | ||||
Changri Nup West | P. Wagnon (UG/IRD) | |||
Mera | -0.85 | -0.83 | P. Wagnon (UG/IRD) | |
Pokalde | -0.84 | -2.35 | P. Wagnon (UG/IRD) | |
Rikha Samba | T. Gurung, S. Joshi, D. Stumm (ICIMOD) | |||
West Changri Nup | -2.5 | -2.65 | P. Wagnon (UG/IRD) | |
Yala | -1.065 | -1.297 | S. Joshi, T. Gurung, D. Stumm (ICIMOD) | |
New Zealand | ||||
Brewster | -1.125 | -0.937 | -1.137 | B. Anderson, T. Redpath, L. Vargo, P. Sirguey, N. Cullen (VUW, DG/UO) |
Rolleston | -1.065 | -1.083 | -1.438 | T. Kerr, H. Purdie (Rainfall.NZ, UCant) |
Norway | ||||
Aalfotbreen | -0.559 | -2.518 | -2 | B. Kjøllmoen (NVE) |
Austdalsbreeen | -0.046 | -1.554 | -2 | H. Elvehøy (NVE) |
Engabreen | 0.145 | -1.101 | -3.9 | H. Elvehøy (NVE) |
Graasubreen | -1.616 | -0.918 | -1.3 | L.M. Andreassen (NVE) |
Hansebreen | -1.045 | -2.995 | -2.3 | B. Kjøllmoen (NVE) |
Hellstugubreen | -0.94 | -1.04 | L.M. Andreassen (NVE) | |
Langfjordjoekelen | -2.104 | -1.651 | -4.1 | B. Kjøllmoen (NVE) |
Nigardsbreen | 0.736 | -0.44 | -0.6 | B. Kjøllmoen (NVE) |
Remebesdalsskaaka | 0.09 | -1.011 | -1.2 | H. Elvehøy (NVE) |
Storbreen | -0.681 | -0.943 | -1.2 | L.M. Andreassen (NVE) |
Svelgjabreen | B. Kjøllmoen (NVE) | |||
Peru | ||||
Artesonraju | -0.697 | R. Cruz Encarnación (ANA) | ||
Yanamarey | -0.646 | R. Cruz Encarnación (ANA) | ||
Russian Federation | ||||
Djankuat | -0.59 | -0.07 | -0.59 | V. Popovnin, A. Gubanov (MSU, RFBR) |
Garabashi | -1.153 | -0.994 | -1.467 | S. Kutuzov, I. Lavrentiev, G. Nosenko, A. Smirnov, A. Abramov (IG/RAS) |
Leviy Aktru | -0.603 | -0.737 | -1.024 | S. Kutuzov, I. Lavrentiev, A. Smirnov, A. Abramov, A. Erofeev (IG/RAS, DG/TSU) |
Maliy Aktru | ||||
No. 125 (Vodopadniy) | ||||
Spain | ||||
Maladeta | -3.017 | -2.662 | 0.762 | G. Cobos Campos (UPV) |
Svalbard/Jan Mayen | ||||
Austre Broeggerbreen | -1.516 | -0.948 | J. Kohler (NPOLAR) | |
Austre Lovenbreen | -1.48 | -0.936 | -1.989 | F. Tolle, E. Bernard, J. M. Friedt, M. Griselin (ThéMA/CNRS) |
Groenfjord E | -2.131 | -1.574 | N. Elagina, R. Chernov, I. Lavrentiev, and colleagues (IG/RAS) | |
Hansbreen | -1.457 | L. Bartlomiej (PAS) | ||
Irenebreen | -2.164 | -1.381 | -2.389 | I. Sobota (PRC/FES) |
Kongsvegen | -0.954 | -0.622 | J. Kohler (NPOLAR) | |
Kronebreen/Holtedahlfonna | -0.815 | -0.416 | J. Kohler (NPOLAR) (balances excl. calving) | |
Midtre Lovenbreen | -1.416 | -0.976 | J. Kohler (NPOLAR) | |
Nordenskioeldbreen | W. van Pelt (DES/UU) | |||
Svenbreen | J. Malecki (AMU) | |||
Waldemarbreen | -2.198 | -1.556 | -2.464 | I. Sobota (PRC/FES) |
Werenskioldbreen | -1.593 | D. Ignatiuk, M. Laska (FES/US) | ||
Sweden | ||||
Marmaglaciaeren | -0.427 | -1.256 | -2.573 | N. Kirchner, J. Dahlkvist, J. Barnett (TRS/SU) |
Rabots Glaciaer | -0.943 | -1.565 | -2.804 | N. Kirchner, J. Dahlkvist, J. Barnett (TRS/SU) |
Riukojietna | -0.795 | -1.347 | -3.458 | N. Kirchner, J. Dahlkvist, J. Barnett (TRS/SU) |
Storglaciaeren | -0.212 | -0.812 | -2.846 | N. Kirchner, J. Dahlkvist, J. Barnett (TRS/SU) |
Tarfalaglaciaeren | ||||
Switzerland | ||||
Adler | -2.814 | -2.15 | -1.001 | M. Huss, A. Linsbauer (DGUF, GIUZ) |
Allalin | -2.455 | -1.882 | -1.143 | A. Bauder, E. Hodel (VAW) |
Basodino | -3.778 | -2.639 | -0.643 | G. Kappenberger, A. Bauder (VAW) |
Clariden | -3.09 | -1.95 | -1.505 | U. Steinegger, A. Bauder (VAW) (balance incl est. for dry calving) |
Corbassiere | -2.31 | -1.614 | -1.202 | A. Bauder (VAW) |
Corvatsch-S | M. Huss (DGUF) | |||
Findelen | -2.815 | -1.594 | -0.697 | M. Huss, A. Linsbauer (DGUF, GIUZ) |
Gietro | -2.724 | -2.67 | -1.757 | A. Bauder (VAW) |
Gr. Aletsch | -2.982 | -1.576 | -1.311 | M. Huss, A. Bauder (VAW) |
Gries | -3.645 | -3.545 | -1.251 | M. Huss (VAW) |
Hohlaub | -2.933 | -2.052 | -1.075 | A. Bauder, E. Hodel (VAW) |
Murtel | -3.251 | -2.16 | -0.901 | M. Huss (DGUF) |
Oberaar | -3 | -2.163 | -1.161 | S. Nussbaumer & WGMS team (GIUZ) |
Orny | -2.541 | -1.161 | C. Ogier (VAW) | |
Otemma | -3.613 | -1.855 | -0.845 | M. Fischer (UBE) |
Pers | -3.024 | -1.963 | -0.887 | M. Huss, A. Linsbauer (DGUF), P. Huybrechts (VUB) |
Plaine Morte | -4.677 | -2.567 | -1.516 | M. Huss (DGUF) |
Rhone | -2.653 | -2.129 | -0.547 | A. Bauder (VAW) |
Sankt Anna | -2.848 | -1.798 | -2.663 | M. Huss (DGUF) |
Schwarzberg | -3.386 | -2.332 | -1.138 | A. Bauder, E. Hodel (VAW) |
Sex Rouge | -4.011 | -1.975 | -2.004 | M. Huss (DGUF) |
Silvretta | -3.253 | -2.589 | -1.375 | A. Bauder (VAW) |
Tortin | -4.07 | -1.904 | -1.833 | C. Lambiel (Uni Lausanne) |
Tsanfleuron | -3.966 | -2.107 | -1.35 | M. Huss (DGUF) |
Tajikistan | ||||
East Zulmart (Glacier No. 139) | -0.271 | A. Kayumov, Ch. Kabutov (CRG/NAST) | ||
Glacier No. 457 (NHD) | -0.437 | -0.482 | A. Kayumov, H. Navruzshoev (CRG/NAST) | |
Glacier No. 676 | A. Kayumov, A. Halimov (CRG/NAST) | |||
Glacier No. 71 (Yakarcha) | A. Kayumov, F. Vosidov (CRG/NAST) | |||
USA | ||||
Blue | ||||
Columbia (2057) | -0.861 | -2.648 | -2.34 | M. Pelto (NCGCP) |
Daniels | -1.18 | -3.25 | -2.7 | M. Pelto (NCGCP) |
Easton | -1.216 | -1.702 | -1.64 | M. Pelto (NCGCP) |
Eel | M. Larrabee and colleagues (NCNP) | |||
Emmons | M. Larrabee and colleagues (NCNP) | |||
Gulkana | -1.05 | -0.4 | -0.38 | L. Sass, C. McNeil, E. Baker, C. Florentine, K. Bollen, Z. Frederick (USGS) |
Ice Worm | -1.26 | -3.45 | -2.4 | M. Pelto (NCGCP) |
Lemon Creek | -1.44 | -2.36 | -1.12 | C. McNeil, L. Sass, C. Florentine, E. Baker, K. Bollen, Z. Frederick(USGS) |
Lower Curtis | -0.73 | -2.36 | -1.82 | M. Pelto (NCGCP) |
Lynch | -1.36 | -2.72 | -2.35 | M. Pelto (NCGCP) |
Rainbow | -0.751 | -1.531 | -1.28 | M. Pelto (NCGCP) |
Sholes | -1.81 | -2.35 | -1.95 | M. Pelto (NCGCP) |
South Cascade | -1.35 | -2.62 | -1.5 | C. Florentine, A. Clark, C. McNeil, E. Baker, L. Sass, K. Bollen (USGS) |
Sperry | -0.97 | -3.44 | -1.27 | C. Florentine, E. Peitzsch, A. Clark, C. McNeil, E. Baker, L. Sass, K. Bollen(USGS) |
Taku | -0.28 | -1.13 | C. McNeil (USGS) | |
Wolverine | -1.11 | -1.09 | -0.7 | L. Sass, C. McNeil, E. Baker, C. Florentine, K. Bollen, Z. Frederick(USGS) |
Uzbekistan | ||||
Barkrak Sredniy | -0.571 | -0.809 | G. Umirzakov & colleagues (Mininnovation of Uzbekistan) | |
BARKRAK SREDNIY EAST BRANCH | -0.498 | -0.641 | G. Umirzakov & colleagues (Mininnovation of Uzbekistan) |